ABSTRACT
Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is a well-established and widely accepted procedure in the evaluation of breast masses. Fine needle aspiration cytology can be performed as an OPD procedure. It is less traumatic to the patient as compared to surgical biopsy, is cost effective, and can provide rapid results on the same day. Therefore, it can be used as an initial diagnostic procedure for male breast lesions. The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of male breast lesions and categorization of these lesions as per IAC Categories.METHODSThe present study included 50 cases of male breast lesions presented in the department of the pathology. Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done and slides were stained with MGG and PAP. Findings were analysed by two pathologists independently. Cyto-histological correlation was done in cases wherever possible. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated.RESULTSA total of 50 cases of male breast lesions which had undergone FNAC was analysed in this study. Histopathological examination was available in 10 cases. Gynecomastia C2 (88%) was found to be the most common entity followed by acute on chronic suppurative pathology (4%). There was no false positive or false negative finding. FNAC had a sensitivity and specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 100% for male breast lesions.CONCLUSIONSFNAC is the excellent sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for the assessment of breast lesions in males. Hence, we strongly recommend the use of FNAC as the first-line investigation in the clinical evaluation of male breast lumps.
ABSTRACT
Pap smear is an important tool to assess, follow up and monitor the diagnosed cases of carcinoma cervix. In the present study we have taken cases which were already diagnosed of cervical carcinoma, took radiotherapy and chemotherapy and surgical intervention as whole or one entity. These cases were assessed for cytological features of therapy induced changes, recurrence of carcinoma or no intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). Aim: The aim of the present study is to study the effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on squamous epithelial cells and to study the rate of recurrence of Squamous cell carcinoma after completion of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Methods: Total No. of 50 cases were taken ranging from 27 yrs. to 70 yrs. age group who presented at tertiary care hospitals in northern part of India for about 1.5 year duration where facilities of radio and chemotherapy and surgical oncology was present. Results: In the present study, nucleomegaly was found to be most common finding in 46 (92%) of cases, next came vacuolisation both cytoplasmic and nuclear however nuclear vacuolisation outnumbered cytoplasmic. Conclusion: The total no. of cases having malignant or dysplastic cells varied with age and found to be higher in advancing age groups although in younger age group (20-29) having only one case was found to be positive for malignant/dysplastic cells.
ABSTRACT
Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 150,000/µl) is commonly encountered in routine hematological investigations. Here we present a study done to understand the prevalence of various conditions leading to thrombocytopenia, referred for bone marrow examination. It is a retrospective study done on 100 cases of thrombocytopenia referred for bone marrow examination in a tertiary care hospital from January 2016 to October 2016. The commonest cause of thrombocytopenia for which bone marrow was sought came out to be megaloblastic anemia followed by acute leukemia and aplastic anemia. Aim: Calculate the prevalence of various conditions causing thrombocytopenia, in cases referred for bone marrow examination, and Understand the various megakaryocytic alterations in hematological disorders presenting with thrombocytopenia due to different mechanisms. Methods: A retrospective study was done on 100 patients of thrombocytopenia referred for bone-marrow aspiration in a tertiary care hospital catering to both rural and urban population from January 2016 to October 2016. All cases of thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 1,50,000/µl) diagnosed on hematology analyzer and later confirmed by peripheral blood film examination, referred for bone marrow examination for various reasons were included in this study. Stained bone-marrow aspirate smears were examined. Records regarding the clinical indication for the procedure, peripheral blood smear reports, blood counts and significant findings on bone-marrow aspiration smears were retrieved. The role of bone-marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of hematological and non- hematological disorders was reviewed in the study. Results: The commonest cause of thrombocytopenia for which bone marrow examination was sought was megaloblastic anemia(76%), followed by acute leukemia(7%), aplastic anemia(5%), myelodysplastic syndrome (4%) which was followed by ITP(3%), and one case each of gelatinous marrow transformation, malaria and NHL spillover. Conclusion: Further studies on the evaluation of megakaryocytic alteration and their contribution to thrombocytopenia can provide growing knowledge to the pathogenesis of numerous hematopoietic disorders that may identify broader clinical applications of the newer strategies to regulate platelet count and functioning.
ABSTRACT
Hydatidiform mole is an abnormal gestation characterized by trophoblastic hyperplasia and overgrowth of placental villi. H. mole is classified as complete (CHM) and partial (PHM). The diagnosis is based on histopathology and genetic origin. In our set up, we used only histopathological diagnostic criteria. The incidence of molar pregnancy varies in different parts of the world. Objective of the present study was to determine the frequency, clinical presentation and morphological features of H. mole and compare them with those of other studies. Objectives: The aim of this populationbased retrospective study was to evaluate the trend in the incidence of molar pregnancy. The reported incidence of GTD in India is in consistent therefore we planned to do an analysis of the GTD at our institute which is a referral tertiary center of Punjab. Methods: Records of patients of GTD admitted from Dec 2016 to March 2018 were analyzed and incidence was calculated. The diagnosis of hydatidiform mole was based on the post-operative morphological and/or pathological findings. A total of 150 cases of retained products of conception received in the department of pathology were analysed. Results: Out of total 16 cases of molar pregnancy 5 were diagnosed as complete mole and 11 were diagnosed as partial mole. Out of 5 cases of complete mole, one case was of recurrent molar pregnancy. Conclusion: There is a need to look further about the association of age with molar pregnancies in future studies.
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The uterine cervix is prone to several non-neoplastic gynecological lesions. These lesions are a source of morbidity and mortality in women. Therefore, there is need to analyze them to provide the pattern of these lesions. AIM: Retrospective study of the findings of non-neoplastic lesions of cervix. Methods: A retrospective study was done in Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Patiala from January 2016 to January 2018. Results & Conclusion: Out of 220 cases, the most common non neoplastic lesion recorded was chronic cervicitis (45.9%) followed by squamous metaplasia(37.2%) and nabothian cysts(36.3%).
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Background: According to the World Health Organization, definition of sudden death is of death within 24 hours from the onset of symptoms, but this time is too long for many clinicians and pathologists: some of them accept death only within one hour from the onset of illness. We aim to determine the histopathological lesions of heart in cases of sudden death. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Patiala. Heart specimens were collected from 160 cases as part of examination of multiple viscera, over a period of three years from 2013-2017. Only those cases which were well preserved were taken up for study. Sections from representative area were submitted for processing, sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: Out of a total of 160 cases, 79 cases showed atherosclerosis, 58 cases showed features of myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial infarction was found in 29 cases, 4 cases showed fatty streaks and 2 cases each showed myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. In 40 cases, there were no remarkable changes. Conclusion: It was concluded that myocardial infarction due to atherosclerotic ischaemic heart disease is probably the commonest diagnosis made in majority of cases of sudden death subjected to medicolegal autopsies. Histopathological findings must be evaluated with great attention to identify cause in cases of sudden death.
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ackground: A retrospective study of 100 cases of hysterectomies was conducted in Dept. of Pathology, GovernmentMedical College, Patiala. Methods:Clinical and histopathological data were collected and correlation made. Maximum number of patients who underwent hysterectomy were in the age-group of 41-50 years. Results: The median age came out to be 47 yrs. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the most common complaint (82%). Main indication of hysterectomy was fibroid(63%) followed by prolapse (14%) and adenomyosis (12%). Histopathological correlations were made with the clinical findings. On histopathology, leiomyoma was the most common diagnosis followed by atrophic endometrium and adenomyosis. Conclusion: Correlation between clinical and histopathological diagnosis was very good. But still, histopathology remains the mainstay of establishing the confirmatory diagnosis and for histological subtyping of malignancies.
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Background: The objective was to study adenomyosis and leiomyoma as the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in hysterectomy specimens. Methods: This was a study carried out on 100 hysterectomy specimens, of subjects who presented to the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Government Medical College, Patiala with the complaint of abnormal uterine bleeding. Data including age, parity, symptoms and clinical indication for hysterectomy was collected for the study and the histopathological findings were recorded. The specimens were well grossed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined microscopically.Results: Women in the perimenopausal age (41-50 years) accounted for the highest number of cases (35, 44.30%) presenting with symptoms of AUB. In this age group leiomyoma was found to be the commonest cause of AUB (19, 54.28%). The most common symptom was heavy menstrual bleeding. Clinical, radiological and pathological evaluation correlated well with the diagnosis of leiomyoma but was of little help in diagnosing adenomyosis. Conclusion: Hence, adenomyosis still remains a clinical challenge and should be kept in mind by the clinician as well as the pathologist in women presenting with AUB.
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Background: To compare the ESR values by Ves- matic 20/20 plus new with the conventional Westergren method, aiming to validate the automated methods. Methods: A cross – sectional study was conducted in Government Medical College, Patiala. A total of 100 blood samples were subjected to ESR estimation by manual Westergren method and by automated (Ves – Matic) method. Results were analysed, compared and their correlation was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There is a strong positive correlation between Westergren method and Ves- matic 20/20 plus new with correlation coefficient 0.99. Conclusion: Ves-matic method (automated) shows good correlationwith manual Westergren method and is reliable and suitable for use in high work load clinical laboratory.
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Background: Implantation of blastocyst anywhere else, other than uterine cavity is considered as ectopic pregnancy. About 95% of ectopic pregnancies are implanted in the various segments of fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place in the lumen of fallopian tube, from where, aided by the ciliated columnar epithelium of the tube, the fertilized ovum makes its way to the uterine cavity and the implantation occurs. Methods: A study was carried out on 50 patients in the department of pathology, GMC Patiala.to the compare the histopathological and anatomical changes in the lining of the fallopian tube. Results: The routine Haematoxylin and Eosin stain was done and the histopathological study was done. Conclusion: It was concluded that early diagnosis and treatment before rupture still remains the main option of management.
ABSTRACT
Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma is an uncommon histopathological variant of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix, which occurs in postmenopausal women. A 45-year-old woman presented in the gynae OPD with history of postmenopausal vaginal bleeding with cauliflower like growth in the cervix .Patient was examined and biopsy was taken from the growth which reveal the diagnosis of papillary transitional cell carcinoma cervix on histopathology.